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They also needed an alternative to conventional X-rays. In a clinical linac, X-ray photons are produced by dumping high-energy electrons into a bremsstrahlung target, which is made of a material with a high atomic number, like tungsten or copper. The target slows the electrons, converting their kinetic energy into X-ray photons. It’s an inherently inefficient process that wastes most of the beam power as heat and makes it extremely difficult to reach the ultrahigh dose rates required for FLASH. High-energy electrons, by contrast, can be switched on and off within milliseconds. And because they have a charge and can be steered by magnets, electrons can be precisely guided to reach tumors deep within the body. (Researchers are also investigating protons and carbon ions; see the sidebar, “What’s the Best Particle for FLASH Therapy?”)
数据为数字纪检监察体系提供“源头活水”。过去，在纪检监察工作中，不同部门、环节信息共享程度不够，在个别领域存在监管“盲区”。数字纪检监察体系建设能够有效打破部门间的信息壁垒，建立起覆盖全域的监督网络。此外，数字纪检监察体系能够对重复录入、格式错误、逻辑矛盾的数据，以及来源存疑、真伪难辨的数据，进行“技术筛查+人工复核”双重把关，防止被错误数据“带偏”。这样，数据从采集、筛选到存储、使用都有章可循，实现找得到、可信赖、能用好。